Instal·lació
Aquesta pàgina detalla els procediments per instal·lar i tornar a instal·lar el GRUB 2. La informació és vàlida per a la major part de les versions del GRUB 2, però s'ha escrit específicament per a la versió 1.99. La versió GRUB 1.99 es va començar a fer servir amb la versió 11.04 de l'Ubuntu (Natty Narwhal) i posteriors. Per a més informació sobre diversos temes del GRUB, si us plau visiteu la pàgina principal del GRUB2. Per a informació sobre convertir l'arrencada des del GRUB tradicional o cap al GRUB tradicional, si us plau consulteu el document comunitari Grub2/Upgrading.
El carregador d'arrencada GRUB 2 s'inclou en totes les versions amb suport de la família Ubuntu. El GRUB 2 pot gestionar l'arrencada del firmware tradicional tal com el BIOS, així com els estàndards més nous EFI/UEFI. És compatible amb MBR, GPT i altres taules de partició.
Totes les referències al GRUB es refereixen al GRUB 2. Quan es discuteix el GRUB 0.97, es referirà explícitament pel seu nombre de versió o per GRUB antic.
GRUB 2 Instal·lació inicial
La instal·lació del GRUB 2 està incorporada automàticament a una instal·lació normal de l'Ubuntu. La interacció requerida de l'usuari per a la configuració inicial és molt senzilla. Si la instal·lació farà servir tot el disc, no cal cap selecció específica al GRUB. Si l'usuari vol fer servir una partició específica per a l'Ubuntu, ha de seleccionar la partició de l'Ubuntu i el disc on gravar la informació del carregador de l'arrencada.
La ubicació de la carpeta principal del GRUB inclou /boot/grub i /etc/grub.d. Les preferències de l'usuari es desen al fitxer /etc/default/grub. El menú del GRUB 2 està construït amb la informació contingut a /boot/grub/grub.cfg.
Opcions d'instal·lació (CD Autònom)
Ús del disc sencer ( "Esborra el disc i instal·la l'Ubuntu" ):
Instal·la al disc cencer: L'usuari hauria de seleccionar un disc on instal·lar l'Ubunti i GRUB 2 s'instal·larà. GRUB 2 sobreescriurà la informació d'arrencda del disc i posarà els fitxers del GRUB 2 a les ubicacions apropiades.
Instal·lació de l'Ubuntu a una partició específica ("Alguna altra cosa"):
Quan useu l'opció "Alguna altra cosa", se us oferirà escollir "Dispositiu per a la instal·lació del carregador d'arrencada". Si us plau escolliu: * o bé el disc (per exemple /dev/sdX, no /dev/sdXY) on està configurat el BIOS per arrencar (recomanat per a l'ús normal) * O la partició (per exemple /dev/sdXY, no /dev/sdX) on l'Ubuntu (/boot, sinó /) s'instal·larà (sols si el voleu encadenar amb un altre carregador d'arrencada; si teniu dubtes, NO escolliu això)
- especifiqueu el disc (per exemple /dev/sdX, no /dev/sdaXY) que no s'utilitzi actualment per arrencar el sistema per al carregador d'arrencada.
- Després de què es completi la instal·lació, canvieu l'ordre d'arrencada (mitjançant la configuració BIOS) de manera que el disc al qual es va escriure la informació del GRUB és el primer que s'arrenca.
- Si l'usuari vol restaurar l'arrencada amb el carregador original d'arrencada, retorneu l'ordre d'arrencada al disc original.
Notes sobre BIOS/MBR
GRUB 2 normally writes its bootloader information to an area just beyond the Master Boot Record and before the first partition. Some software on non-Linux operating systems also used this embedded area and broke the system by overwriting the GRUB 2 information on dual-boot systems. GRUB 2 now can recognize this potential problem and avoid it.
The bootloader information does not have to be installed to the embedded area of the MBR. It may also bypass the MBR entirely and be installed to a specific partition. In doing this, the location of the GRUB 2 files are specified by using blocklists. This option is not available via an Ubuntu GUI installation but can be made via the terminal after installation. Even then this method is not as reliable as writing to the MBR and is not recommended by the GRUB developers.
BIOS/GPT Notes
If the BIOS is setup to boot the disk in Legacy/mbr mode, installing GRUB2 on a GPT (GUID Partition Table) disk requires a dedicated BIOS boot partition with a recommended size of at least 1 MiB. This partition can be created via GParted or other partitioning tools, or via the command line. It must be identified with a bios_grub flag. The necessary GPT modules are automatically included during installation when GRUB 2 detects a GPT scheme.
UEFI
GRUB 2 is compatible with EFI/UEFI and will load the necessary modules during installation. For information on this topic, please visit the UEFI community documentation.
Post-Installation
At the conclusion of a normal installation using the default entries:
- GRUB 2 will be the default bootloader for the computer.
- GRUB 2 will have written information to the designated drive's boot area pointing to the Ubuntu installation's GRUB 2 files. On earlier versions of GRUB 2 on a BIOS systems any information previously contained in the area just beyond MBR will have been overwritten. An improvement to GRUB 2 allows it to write the boot information to another area if a non-Linux application has already used this area.
The GRUB 2 files will normally be located in the /boot/grub and /etc/grub.d folders and the /etc/default/grub file in the partition containing the Ubuntu installation.
- If another Ubuntu/Linux distribution controlled the boot process, it will be replaced by the GRUB 2 settings in the new installation.
- If the boot was controlled by Windows, the MBR information will now point to the Ubuntu installation and GRUB 2 will control the boot process. The GRUB 2 menu will include an entry for Windows if it found what it considers the necessary Windows boot files.
- Windows boot files in the Windows partition are not affected by the GRUB 2 installation. Only the MBR data is changed. Windows control of the boot process can be obtained by selecting a Windows entry in the GRUB 2 menu during boot.
- If GRUB has detected another OS it will display a menu so the user may make a selection. If no selection is made, Ubuntu will boot after a brief timeout.
- If GRUB has detected no other operating systems, no menu will be displayed and the computer will boot the new Ubuntu installation. If the user wishes to display the menu, hold down the SHIFT key as the computer boots.
To view the GRUB 2 file system and configuration options please refer to Grub 2 community documentation page.
Reinstalling GRUB 2
The user may wish to reinstall GRUB 2 for a variety of reasons, including:
- After installing another operating system which installed its own bootloader, reinstall GRUB2 to return control to the desired OS. When an operating system is added on a multiboot computer it will generally take command of the boot process. Reinstalling GRUB 2 from a within the desired OS will return control of the boot process to that OS.
- Add the boot information to an additional drive. GRUB 2 can be installed on multiple drives - all pointing to the same operating system. This provides a backup in case the MBR or boot record data on a particular drive becomes corrupted.
- Replace missing files
- Repair a broken system, such as when the user sees only "GRUB" on a black screen with no prompt or when the user cannot boot using GRUB 2's rescue mode options.
- Upgrade from Grub Legacy
When using the grub-install command, the boot information is updated and written to the designated drive, missing - but not corrupted or intentionally deleted - files are restored. Specifically the core.img, grubenv, and device.map are updated and missing modules restored. If missing, the grub folder will be recreated. The grub-install command does not generate a new GRUB 2 menu (grub.cfg).
Reinstalling GRUB 2 from a Working System
If Ubuntu is operating normally, boot into the working installation and run the following command from a terminal.
X is the drive (letter) on which you want GRUB to write the boot information. Normally users should not include a partition number, which would produce an error message as the command would attempt to write the information to a partition.
sudo grub-install /dev/sdX # Example: sudo grub-install /dev/sda
This will rewrite the MBR information to point to the current installation and rewrite some GRUB 2 files (which are already working). Since it isn't done during execution of the previous command, running sudo update-grub after the install will ensure GRUB 2's menu is up-to-date.
Fixing a Broken System
If a system has become unbootable due to a GRUB 2 failure or corrupted MBR/boot sector, there are various methods for reinstalling GRUB 2. The simplest is listed first, followed by more complicated methods.
via Boot-Repair Graphical Tool
Boot-Repair is a GUI application which can fix a variety of GRUB 2 problems. It can be used either from a LiveCD, its own CD, or during a normal Ubuntu session. In addition to providing a simple user interface, Boot-Repair also includes the ability to run a script to gather details of the system which can be used for troubleshooting help on various forums and IRC channels.
Please refer to the Boot-Repair community documentation for instructions on how to install and run this application.
via GRUB2 Rescue mode
GRUB 2 provides a rescue mode which allows the user to attempt to repair GRUB 2 from a special GRUB terminal during boot. Refer to the Grub2 Command_Line_and_Rescue_Mode section for information on GRUB terminal operations.
via the LiveCD terminal
This method uses the terminal from a LiveCD. The user must know the device name/partition of the installed system (sda1, sdb5, etc), which is then mounted from the LiveCD. GRUB 2 files are copied from the LiveCD libraries to the proper locations and MBR.
This operation will write to the MBR and restore the modules and core.img to /boot/grub. It will not replace or restore grub.cfg or fix corrupted files. Boot the LiveCD, select "Try It", and open a terminal.
If necessary, use the fdisk command to help determine the partition on which Ubuntu is installed. The fdisk option "-l" is a lowercase "L". Look for one of the appropriate size or formatting. Running sudo blkid may provide more information to help locate the proper partition, especially if the partitions are labeled. The '
sudo fdisk -l sudo blkid
In the following commands:
Use the partition number of the Ubuntu installation with mount command.
Do not use the partition number with the grub-install command.
X is the drive letter (a, b, c, etc.); Y is the partition number (1, 5, etc).
--boot-directory is the folder in which the GRUB folder is located. This is normally /boot but should be changed if the grub folder is located elsewhere.
On systems with a separate /boot partition, that partition should be mounted to /mnt/boot. For instance: sudo mount /dev/sda6 /mnt/boot
grub-install will restore missing files in the grub folder but will not restore intentionally deleted or corrupted files. To accomplish these tasks GRUB 2 must be completely removed and reinstalled.
sudo mount /dev/sdXY /mnt # Example: sudo mount /dev/sda5 /mnt sudo grub-install --boot-directory=/mnt/boot /dev/sdX # Example: sudo grub-install --boot-directory=/mnt/boot /dev/sda
If Ubuntu is installed on B-tree file system i.e. btrfs then /boot changes to /@/boot in above commands such that :
sudo grub-install --boot-directory=/mnt/@/boot /dev/sdX # Example: sudo grub-install --boot-directory=/mnt/@/boot /dev/sda
For GRUB 2 version 1.98 and earlier (Ubuntu 10.04), the installation command is slightly different. Rather than designating the --boot-directory, the switch is --root-directory. In this case, the location changes to /mnt
sudo grub-install --root-directory=/mnt /dev/sdX
If the user wishes to explore why the system failed, refer to Post-Restoration Commands section below.
via Partition Files Copy
This method does not work if GRUB has not already been installed, or if GRUB files have been deleted.
It consists in locating and mounting the problem boot partition from the LiveCD. The files are then copied from the broken system's /boot/grub directory to the proper locations and MBR. It requires fewer steps and fewer command line entries than the following CHROOT method. For users with separate system partitions, such as a separate /boot partition, or other special circumstances, using the CHROOT method may provide better results.
- Boot to the LiveCD Desktop.
- Mount the partition with your Ubuntu installation.
From the Places menu, select and click the partition containing your Ubuntu installation to mount it.
- If the partition isn't recognized, look for apartition of the appropriate size or label.
Once mounted, the user should see Ubuntu system directories such as /boot
Open a terminal by selecting Applications, Accessories, Terminal from the menu bar.
Run the grub-setup -d command as described below. This will reinstall the GRUB 2 files on the mounted partition to the proper location and to the MBR of the designated device.
Determine the mount point by referring to the location box in Places. Replace XXXX in the command with the UUID, or replace /media/XXXX with the correct location if the partition is not mounted in /media. The designation may be a UUID, or a label, if the user has created one (see note).
- If the location window is not in the format shown, click on the icon to the left to change the presentation.
When ready to copy the UUID/location, by highlighting it with the mouse. Paste it into the terminal by pressing the middle mouse button. If using the keyboard, use CTRL-SHIFT-arrow to select and CTRL-C to copy the location and CTRL-SHIFT-V to paste it into the terminal.
The device/drive is designated by sdX, with X being the device designation. sda is the first device, sdb is the second, etc. For most users the MBR should be installed to sda, the first drive on their system.
sudo grub-setup -d /media/XXXX/boot/grub /dev/sda
Example:sudo grub-setup -d /media/7848138a-41a0-4eba-8aed-d1b625ac8759/boot/grub /dev/sda
If the user gets a "error: Cannot open /boot/grub/device.map" message, add the -m switch and path to the device.map to the command as follows:
sudo grub-setup -d /media/XXXXX/boot/grub -m /media/XXXXX/boot/grub/device.map /dev/sda
Example:sudo grub-setup -d /media/7848138a-41a0-4eba-8aed-d1b625ac8759/boot/grub -m /media/7848138a-41a0-4eba-8aed-d1b625ac8759/boot/grub/device.map /dev/sda
Other switches are available for use with the grub-setup command. In a terminal, type grub-setup --help for a list of available options.
You may find you get a repeated "error: Cannot open /boot/grub/device.map" message. If this happens try rebooting. The UUID method may actually work but throws an error message falsely. Using the label name does not seem to evoke the same repeated error message.
- Reboot
Refresh the GRUB 2 menu with sudo update-grub
If the user wishes to explore why the system failed, refer to Post-Restoration Commands section below.
Disk Utility, introduced in Ubuntu 9.10, can easily assign labels to existing partitions. Access Disk Utility from the System, Administration menu or DASH.
via ChRoot
This method of installation uses the chroot command to gain access to the broken system's files. Once the chroot command is issued, the LiveCD treats the broken system's / as its own. Commands run in a chroot environment will affect the broken systems filesystems and not those of the LiveCD.
- Boot to the LiveCD Desktop. The CD should be 64bit (not 32bit) if the system to fix is 64 bit.
- Open a terminal. The method varies depending on the release.
Assuming the normal system partition(s) are on a software RAID (otherwise skip this step): make sure the mdadm tools are installed in the Live CD environment (e.g. by executing sudo apt-get install mdadm). Then assemble the arrays:
sudo mdadm --assemble --scan
If using LVM:
sudo sh -ec "apt-get install lvm2; vgchange -ay"
If using bcache:
sudo sh -ec "apt-get install software-properties-common; add-apt-repository ppa:g2p/storage; apt-get update; apt-get install bcache-tools"
Determine your normal system partition. The following commands may be helpful. The fdisk switch is a lowercase "L".
sudo fdisk -l sudo blkid df -Th
Mount your normal system partition. X is the drive letter. Y is the partition number:
- Substitute the correct partition: sda1, sdb5, etc.
sudo mount /dev/sdXY /mnt
Example 1: sudo mount /dev/sda1 /mnt
Example 2: sudo mount /dev/md1 /mnt
Only if you have a separate boot partition (where sdXY is the /boot partition designation):
sudo mount /dev/sdXY /mnt/boot
Example 1: sudo mount /dev/sdb6 /mnt/boot
Example 2: sudo mount /dev/md0 /mnt/boot
Only if (some) of the system partitions are on a software RAID (otherwise skip this step): make sure the output of mdadm --examine --scan agrees with the array definitions in /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf.
- Mount the critical virtual filesystems. Run the following as a single command:
for i in /dev /dev/pts /proc /sys /run; do sudo mount -B $i /mnt/$i; done
- Chroot into your normal system device:
sudo chroot /mnt
Reinstall GRUB 2 (substitute the correct device with sda, sdb, etc. Do not specify a partition number):
grub-install /dev/sdX
If the system partitions are on a software RAID install GRUB 2 on all disks in the RAID. Example (software RAID using /dev/sda and /dev/sdb):
grub-install /dev/sda grub-install /dev/sdb
Recreate the GRUB 2 menu file (grub.cfg)
update-grub
Exit chroot: CTRL-D on keyboard
- Reboot.
sudo reboot
Boot repair after a Windows Upgrade on Ubuntu 14.04 (non-RAID)
Boot repair may be required when updating Windows (e.g. Windows 8 to Windows 8.1). This will be required for example if the computer has been configured such that Windows/Ubuntu is selected by entering the bios and changing the boot mode between "secure boot"/UEFI and CMS respectively. To manually repair grub (http://howtoubuntu.org/how-to-repair-restore-reinstall-grub-2-with-a-ubuntu-live-cd / http://askubuntu.com/questions/88384/how-can-i-repair-grub-how-to-get-ubuntu-back-after-installing-windows );
- Insert Ubuntu installation media (e.g. Ubuntu 14.04 LTS 64 bit DVD)
- Ensure the bios boot order is set to read the media first (consult your motherboard/computer manual) and restart the computer
- Select Ubuntu Live/Try mode (do not install)
- Click on the purple Ubuntu search button - enter "gparted" and click on its icon
- Determine the name of your linux partition (/dev/sdXY) - you should be able to identify it by recognising its format (most likely ext4) and size (number of GB)
- Click on purple Ubuntu search button - enter "gnome-terminal" and click on its icon
sudo mount /dev/sdXY /mnt [where sdXY has previously been identified using gparted]
for i in /dev /dev/pts /proc /sys /run; do sudo mount -B $i /mnt$i; done
sudo chroot /mnt
sudo grub-install /dev/sdX [note this is sdX not sdXY!]
update-grub
exit
- restart PC and remove Ubuntu installation media
Purging & Reinstalling GRUB 2
The difference between using the grub-install command and purging & reinstalling GRUB 2 is that the latter completely removes all GRUB 2 files and system settings. Purging GRUB 2 is also a method to reset all configuration settings to the default values on a working system. This may correct GRUB 2 failures due to corrupted files and improper configurations as well as for missing folders/files deleted by the user. The GRUB 2 packages removed and reinstalled via this procedure include grub-pc, grub-common and, in Grub 1.99 and later, grub-gfxpayload-lists.
This procedure can be accomplished very simply via Boot-Repair, or via the terminal procedure below.
Remark: the Boot-Repair procedure will also remove custom files that may block the boot. It is also able to purge and reinstall GRUB2 for UEFI / LVM / RAID systems.
via Boot-Repair Graphical Tool
* Run Boot-Repair either from liveCD or from your installed session * Click "Advanced options" --> "GRUB options" tab * Tick the "Purge GRUB and reinstall it" option --> Apply
via Terminal Commands
The commands from a working Ubuntu installation or once within the ChRoot of a LiveCD are the same.
If using the LiveCD, complete the steps up to and including the sudo chroot command (Step 9) in the previous section.
Run the following commands as root. If not in a ChRoot environment, preface each command with sudo.
- Update the repositories to get a list of the most recent packages available. Ensure you have a working Internet connection and access to the repositories. If you do not, STOP!
apt-get update
The following command will completely remove grub-pc and grub-common. In GRUB 1.99 and later, grub-gfxpayload-lists will also be removed.
You will be warned you are removing the bootloader. TAB to OK and press ENTER.
apt-get purge grub-common
- Reinstall GRUB 2. When you run the following command:
- You will be given the opportunity to add kernel options. TAB to OK. You will be given the opportunity to select the devices/drives on which to install GRUB 2. Select the appropriate drive(s) with the SPACEBAR. Normally you do NOT want to select any partitions. TAB to OK after selecting the drive(s), then press ENTER.
apt-get install grub-pc
If using the ChRoot procedure, Exit chroot then continue the ChRoot procedure at Step 13:
Post-Restoration Commands
Once the user can boot to a working system, the following commands may prove useful in locating and/or fixing the problem.
To refresh the available devices and settings in /boot/grub/grub.cfg
sudo update-grub
grub-probe -t device /boot/grub
To install GRUB 2 to the sdX drive's MBR or boot sector (sda, sdb, etc.)
sudo grub-install /dev/sdX
Moving GRUB 2
The command to change the GRUB 2 installation device or boot files is grub-install run as root. This command allows the user to modify the installation by setting the ROOT directory, preload modules, run specific setup files and more. When executed, grub-install may run one or more other commands, such as grub-probe, grub-mkimage, and grub-setup. Here are some considerations when running grub-install:
The grub-install command should be used rather than grub-setup under normal circumstances. grub-setup will be called by grub-install when needed.
- The command should specify a device and when executed will install the required GRUB files to the location called for in the options.
If only the device is specified (sda, sdb, etc), the boot information will be written to the specified device's boot record. (example: sudo grub-install /dev/sda )
If the --boot-directory= switch is used, the grub folder will will become a subfolder of the location specified. The --boot-directory switch is available in GRUB 1.99 and later.
If the user attempts to run the command with a specific partition (example: sudo grub-install /dev/sda6 ) a warning will be issued. Specifying a partition is not recommended due to the use of blocklists, which the developers consider unreliable. An option is provided on how to override this recommendation if the user still wishes to do so.
The list of options available for grub-install can be displayed in a terminal with grub-install --help
An alternative command to install or move GRUB 2 from a particular device is to use the dpkg-reconfigure command. As the command runs, the user will be offered the opportunity to add kernel options on the first page and to specify the devices/drives on the second screen. Use the TAB key to highlight OK and press ENTER to continue.
Add the desired kernel options (such as 'noapic'), TAB to OK when finished, and press ENTER.
Select the drive(s) with the SPACEBAR. It is not recommended to select any partition. TAB to OK when finished and press ENTER.
GRUB Legacy Upgrades and Downgrades
For information on how to switch from GRUB Legacy to GRUB 2, or from GRUB 2 to GRUB Legacy, please refer to the Grub2/Upgrading community documentation.
Related Links
CatalanTeam/Ajuda/Grub2/Instal·lació (last edited 2022-04-30 14:18:33 by walter-garcia)